This ​ ⊕ ​ symbol is nothing but Ex-OR

Option A: Here, ​ 1 ⊕ 0=1 true according to truth table.
Option B: 1⊕1=0⊕0=0 false
Option C: 1 ⊕ 1=0 ⊕ 1=1 true
Option D: 1 ⊕ 1 =0 true.

A carry-lookahead adder (CLA) or fast adder is a type of adder used in digital logic. A carry-lookahead adder improves speed by reducing the amount of time required to determine carry bits. It can be contrasted with the simpler, but usually slower, ripple-carry adder (RCA), for which the carry bit is calculated alongside the sum bit, and each bit must wait until the previous carry bit have been calculated to begin calculating its own result and carry bits. The carry-lookahead adder calculates one or more carry bits before the sum, which reduces the wait time to calculate the result of the larger-value bits of the adder.

In digital circuit theory, sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose output depends not only on the present value of its input signals but on the sequence of past inputs, the input history as well. This is in contrast to combinational logic, whose output is a function of only the present input.

In a ripple counter using edge triggered JK flip-flops, the pulse input is applied to the clock input of one flip flops

Here, 30 digits numbers means 123....30. 10​³⁰​ -1=1000000000000000000000000000000-1=999999999999999999999999999999
Therefore, it takes approximately above 90 binary numbers. So, 120 is correct answer.

Step-1: Convert Hexadecimal numbers into decimal numbers.
(FD)​ _{16<​/sub> = (253)​ 10
(88)​ 16<​/sub> = (136)​ 10
Step-2: Perform subtraction 253-136=(117)​ 10
Step-3: Convert (117)​ 10 ​ =(75)​ 16}

1 MB = 1024 KB = (1024*8) bits
New RAM would be (1024*8) / (256*1) = 32 .
→ 32 RAM chips of size 256 k x 1 bit are required to build 1 MB of memory.

→ we move from the outermost track to the innermost track in a magnetic disk, then density(bits per linear inch) increases
→ The density, in bits per linear inch, increases as we move from the outermost track to the innermost track (this same phenomenon is present in a phonograph record).

→ Pointer access requires indirect addressing which can be simulated with indexed addressing or register indirect addressing but not with direct and immediate addressing.
→ An array and record access needs a pointer access. So, options (A), (B) and (C) cannot be implemented on such a processor.
→ Now to handle recursive procedure we need to use stack. A local variable inside the stack will be accessed as *(SP+Offset) which is nothing but a pointer access and requires indirect addressing. Usually this is done by moving the SP value to the base register and then using base register addressing to avoid unnecessary memory access for indirect addressing but not possible with just direct and immediate addressing.

→ Dynamic random access memory, implies, this form of memory technology is a type of random access memory. It stores each bit of data on a small capacitor within the memory cell. The capacitor can be either charged or discharged and this provides the two states, "1" or "0" for the cell.
→ Since the charge within the capacitor leaks, it is necessary to refresh each memory cell periodically. This refresh requirement gives rise to the term dynamic - static memories do not have a need to be refreshed.

Rounding off a value means replacing it by a nearest value that is approximately equal or smaller or greater to the given number.
y = (int)(x + 0.5); here x is any float value. To round off, we have to typecast the value of x by using (int)
Example:
#include
int main ()
{
float x = 3.6;
int y = (int)(x + 0.5);
printf ("Result = %d\n", y );
return 0;
}
Output:
Result = 4.

We are already declared variable name ‘a’ in function. Again we are declared inside the function. So, the compiler will raise a error “Redeclaration of a”